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1.
Audiol., Commun. res ; 27: e2591, 2022. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1374479

ABSTRACT

RESUMO Objetivo caracterizar o desempenho de adolescentes em consciência fonêmica e verificar a associação entre essa habilidade e a leitura de palavras. Métodos participaram do estudo 83 adolescentes, sendo 58 do gênero feminino e 25 do gênero masculino, com idades entre 11 e 16 anos, matriculados do 6º ao 9º ano do ensino fundamental II de duas escolas públicas de Belo Horizonte. Foram aplicados testes de consciência fonêmica e a prova de leitura de palavras e pseudopalavras. Resultados os adolescentes apresentaram maior dificuldade em realizar a tarefa de segmentação fonêmica. Em contrapartida, na execução das tarefas de subtração de consoante/vogal/consoante e inversão, houve efeito teto. Observou-se correlação positiva entre as tarefas da consciência fonêmica e a leitura de palavras e pseudopalavras. Conclusão O desenvolvimento da consciência fonológica ainda é necessário na adolescência e, além disso, se pode dizer que o desenvolvimento dessa habilidade contribui de forma significativa para o bom desempenho da leitura no ensino fundamental II


ABSTRACT Purpose To ascertain the performance of adolescent's phonemic awareness and corroborate the association between this skill and reading. Methods Eighty-three adolescents participated in the study consisting of 58 girls and 25 boys aged between 11 and 16 years of age all being enrolled in the 6th to 9th grades of secondary elementary school in two public schools in Belo Horizonte. Phonemic awareness tests and word and pseudoword reading test were carried out. Results Adolescents had difficulty in performing the phonemic segmentation task, on the other hand when performing the CVC subtraction and inversion tasks there was a ceiling effect. A positive correlation was found between the phonemic awareness tasks and the reading of words and pseudowords. Conclusion This study concluded that the development of phonological awareness is still necessary in adolescence, i.e. the development of this skill contributes significantly to good reading performance at secondary elementary school level.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Reading , Awareness/physiology , Phonetics , Language Tests , Students , Education, Primary and Secondary , Educational Status , Language Development
2.
J. bras. nefrol ; 41(4): 560-563, Out.-Dec. 2019.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1056609

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Human-induced climate change has been an increasing concern in recent years. Nephrology, especially in the dialysis setting, has significant negative environmental impact worldwide, as it uses large amounts of water and energy and generates thousands of tons of waste. While our activities make us responsible agents, there are also several opportunities to change the game, both individually and as a society. This call-to-action intends to raise awareness about environmentally sustainable practices in dialysis and encourages this important discussion in Brazil.


RESUMO A mudança climática induzida pela atividade humana tem sido foco de preocupações crescentes nos últimos anos. A nefrologia, particularmente a diálise, produz significativos impactos ambientais em todo o mundo em virtude da grande utilização de água e energia e da geração de milhares de toneladas de resíduos. Embora nossas atividades nos tornem agentes responsáveis, há várias oportunidades para mudar esse cenário, tanto individualmente como em sociedade. O presente artigo pretende ampliar a conscientização sobre práticas ambientalmente sustentáveis em diálise e estimular essa importante discussão no Brasil.


Subject(s)
Humans , Program Evaluation/methods , Renal Dialysis/methods , Peritoneal Dialysis/methods , Awareness/physiology , Climate Change/statistics & numerical data , Brazil/epidemiology , Waste Disposal, Fluid/statistics & numerical data , Health Personnel/ethics , Conservation of Natural Resources/methods , Environment
3.
CoDAS ; 30(6): e20180008, 2018. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-984233

ABSTRACT

RESUMO Este estudo tem como objetivo verificar os efeitos da terapia fonoaudiológica com enfoque na consciência fonológica e fonoarticulatória nas habilidades de fala e no processo de alfabetização de crianças com distúrbios dos sons da fala. Participaram deste estudo sete crianças com idade entre seis e sete anos, de ambos os gêneros e com queixa de alterações na fala. As crianças foram submetidas às seguintes avaliações fonoaudiológicas: Avaliação Fonológica da Criança, Exame Articulatório, Avaliação Consciência Fonoarticulatória, Prova de Consciência Fonológica Por Produção Oral e Avaliação da Escrita de Palavras. Em seguida, foram submetidas à terapia fonoaudiológica por meio do software "Pedro em uma noite assustadora", semanalmente, com duração de aproximadamente 30 minutos cada. Ao final de oito sessões as crianças foram reavaliadas com os mesmos instrumentos utilizados na avaliação inicial. Os dados foram analisados qualitativa e quantitativamente. A partir da análise dos dados obtidos, constatou-se melhora na fala, nas habilidades de consciência fonoarticulatória e de consciência fonológica e da Hipótese de Escrita de todas as crianças. Pode-se concluir que a terapia fonoaudiológica com enfoque nas habilidades de consciência fonológica e fonoarticulatórias, a partir de software especifico, influenciou a organização dos padrões de fala e aquisição da linguagem escrita na maioria dos sujeitos.


ABSTRACT To verify the effects of Speech Therapy focusing on phonological awareness and articulatory awareness in speech skills and in the literacy process of children with speech sound disorders. Seven children, aged between six and seven years old, male and female, and with speech disorders complaints participated in this study. These children were submitted to the following speech and language assessments: Children Phonological Assessment, Articulation Test, Articulatory Awareness Assessment, Phonological Awareness Testing by Oral Production and Word Writing Evaluation. Afterwards, they underwent speech and language therapy through the software "Pedro em uma noite assustadora". The sessions took place once a week, lasting approximately 30 minutes each. At the end of eight sessions, the children were reassessed with the same instruments used in the initial assessment. Data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. Based on the analysis of data obtained, improvement in speech, articulatory awareness and phonological awareness skills, and Spelling Hypothesis of all children was observed. It can be concluded that speech therapy focusing on phonological awareness and articulatory awareness skills based on specific software has influenced the organization of speech patterns and acquisition of written language in most subjects.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Speech/physiology , Speech Therapy/methods , Software , Speech Sound Disorder/physiopathology , Speech Sound Disorder/therapy , Reference Values , Speech Articulation Tests , Awareness/physiology , Writing , Severity of Illness Index , Phonetics , Reproducibility of Results , Treatment Outcome , Literacy , Language Development , Language Tests , Learning Disabilities/physiopathology
4.
J. pediatr. (Rio J.) ; 92(6): 549-558, Nov.-Dec. 2016. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-829126

ABSTRACT

Abstract Objective: To review the literature on sialorrhea in children with cerebral palsy. Source of data: Non-systematic review using the keywords "sialorrhea" and "child" carried out in the PubMed®, LILACS®, and SciELO® databases during July 2015. A total of 458 articles were obtained, of which 158 were analyzed as they were associated with sialorrhea in children; 70 had content related to sialorrhea in cerebral palsy or the assessment and treatment of sialorrhea in other neurological disorders, which were also assessed. Data synthesis: The prevalence of sialorrhea is between 10% and 58% in cerebral palsy and has clinical and social consequences. It is caused by oral motor dysfunction, dysphagia, and intraoral sensitivity disorder. The severity and impact of sialorrhea are assessed through objective or subjective methods. Several types of therapeutic management are described: training of sensory awareness and oral motor skills, drug therapy, botulinum toxin injection, and surgical treatment. Conclusions: The most effective treatment that addresses the cause of sialorrhea in children with cerebral palsy is training of sensory awareness and oral motor skills, performed by a speech therapist. Botulinum toxin injection and the use of anticholinergics have a transient effect and are adjuvant to speech therapy; they should be considered in cases of moderate to severe sialorrhea or respiratory complications. Atropine sulfate is inexpensive and appears to have good clinical response combined with good safety profile. The use of trihexyphenidyl for the treatment of sialorrhea can be considered in dyskinetic forms of cerebral palsy or in selected cases.


Resumo Objetivo: Revisar a literatura referente à sialorreia em crianças com paralisia cerebral. Fonte de dados: Revisão não sistemática com as palavras-chave "sialorreia"; e "criança" feita nas bases de dados Pubmed®, Lilacs® e Scielo® em julho de 2015. Foram recuperados 458 artigos, 158 foram analisados por terem relação com sialorreia em crianças, foram aproveitados 70 com conteúdo relativo à sialorreia na paralisia cerebral ou à avaliação e ao tratamento da sialorreia em outros distúrbios neurológicos. Síntese dos dados: A sialorreia tem prevalência entre 10% e 58% na paralisia cerebral e implica consequências clínicas e sociais. É causada por disfunção motora oral, disfagia e distúrbio da sensibilidade intraoral. A gravidade e o impacto da sialorreia são avaliados por meio de métodos objetivos ou subjetivos. Estão descritas diversas formas de manejo terapêutico: treino para consciência sensorial e habilidades motoras orais, terapia farmacológica, injeção de toxina botulínica e tratamento cirúrgico. Conclusões: O tratamento mais eficaz e que aborda a causa da sialorreia nas crianças com paralisia cerebral é o treino para consciência sensorial e habilidades motoras orais, feito por um fonoaudiólogo. Injeção de toxina botulínica e o uso de anticolinérgicos têm efeito transitório e são auxiliares ao tratamento fonoaudiológico ou devem ser considerados nos casos de sialorreia moderada a grave ou com complicações respiratórias. O sulfato de atropina tem baixo custo e parece ter boa resposta clínica com bom perfil de segurança. O uso de triexifenidil para o tratamento da sialorreia pode ser considerado nas formas discinéticas de paralisia cerebral ou em casos selecionados.


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Sialorrhea/etiology , Sialorrhea/therapy , Cerebral Palsy/complications , Sialorrhea/diagnosis , Sialorrhea/psychology , Social Isolation , Awareness/physiology , Gastroesophageal Reflux/complications , Motor Skills/physiology
5.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 74(4): 293-298, Apr. 2016. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-779810

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective Dyslexia is the difficulty of children in learning to read and write as results of neurological deficiencies. The objective was to test the Phonological awareness (PA) and Sinusoidal amplitude modulation (SAM) threshold in children with Phonological dyslexia (PD). Methods We performed a case-control, analytic, cross sectional study. We studied 14 children with PD and 14 control children from 7 to 11 years of age, by means of PA measurement and by SAM test. The mean age of dyslexic children was 8.39 years and in the control group was 8.15. Results Children with PD exhibited inadequate skills in PA, and SAM. We found significant correlations between PA and SAM at 4 Hertz frequency, and calculated regression equations that predicts between one-fourth and one-third of variance of measurements. Conclusion Alterations in PA and SAM found can help to explain basis of deficient language processing exhibited by children with PD.


RESUMEN Objetivo La Dislexia es la dificultad en niños de aprender a leer y escribir como resultado de una deficiencia neurológica. Nuestro objetivo fue probar la Conciencia fonológica (CF) y la Modulación sinusoidal de la amplitud (MSA) en niños con Dislexia fonológica (DF). Métodos Realizamos un estudio analítico, transversal, de casos y controles. Estudiamos la CF y la MSA en 14 niños con DF y 14 controles de 7–11 años. La edad media de los niños con DF fue de 8.39 años y de los controles fue 8.15. Resultados Los niños con DF presentaron deficiencias en CF y en MSA. Encontramos correlaciones entre CF y MSA en la frecuencia de 4 Hertzios (Hz), calculamos ecuaciones de regresión que predijeron de un cuarto a un tercio de la varianza de las mediciones. Conclusión Las deficiencias en CF y en MSA pueden ayudar a comprender las alteraciones en el procesamiento del lenguaje presentadas por los niños con DF.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Awareness/physiology , Dyslexia/physiopathology , Speech Sound Disorder/physiopathology , Acoustic Stimulation/methods , Case-Control Studies , Cross-Sectional Studies , Language Tests , Neuropsychological Tests , Phonetics , Speech Production Measurement/methods , Time Factors
6.
CoDAS ; 27(5): 458-463, Sept.-Oct. 2015. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-767907

ABSTRACT

RESUMO Objetivos: Caracterizar e comparar o desempenho de escolares no início e término (1° e 5° ano) do Ensino Fundamental I, nas habilidades de Memória de Curto Prazo Fonológica e Consciência Fonológica. Métodos: Foram avaliados 80 escolares, de ambos gêneros, com bom desempenho escolar e linguístico, sendo 40 do 1º ano e 40 do 5º ano de uma escola estadual com média de idade, respectivamente, de 6,2 e 9,8 anos. Para a avaliação da Memória de Curto Prazo Fonológica (MCPF) foi utilizado um teste padronizado de repetição de pseudopalavras. A Consciência Fonológica (CF) foi avaliada por meio de um Instrumento de Avaliação Sequencial - CONFIAS. Resultados: Não houve diferença entre os escolares do 1º e do 5º ano no desempenho em MCPF, tanto na pontuação total quanto em relação à similaridade das pseudopalavras. Quanto à CF, houve diferença significativa entre as distribuições das porcentagens de acertos, tanto no subteste de consciência silábica quanto no de consciência fonêmica nos dois anos escolares, com desempenho superior dos escolares do 5º ano. Conclusão: No início e no término do Ensino Fundamental I, as habilidades de MCPF são semelhantes. O mesmo não acontece para a CF, evidenciando a influência da escolaridade sobre o desenvolvimento da CF. O fato de existir correlação entre MCPF e CF apenas para os escolares do 5º ano sugere que ao início da alfabetização a MCPF não pode ser considerada um preditor para o desempenho das crianças em CF. Entretanto, com o avanço da escolaridade existe influência da CF na MCPF.


ABSTRACT Objectives: To characterize and compare the performance of students at the beginning and at the end of the elementary school in Short-Term Phonological Memory (STPM) and Phonological Awareness (PA). Methods: We assessed 80 students of both the genders who showed adequate linguistic and academic performance. The sample comprised 40 students in 1st grade and 40 in 5th grade from a public state school with mean age of 6.2 and 9.8 years, respectively. The STPM was assessed using a standardized test of Pseudoword Repetition. PA was assessed through a Sequential Assessment Test (CONFIAS). Results: No difference was found between the students of 1st and 5th years in STPM both in total score and concerning the similarity of the pseudowords. Regarding PA, there was a significant difference among the percentage distribution of correct answers in syllabic and phonemic tasks, and the students from 5th grade presented better performance. Conclusion: At the beginning and at the end of the elementary school, there is no difference in STPM performance. On the other hand, there is difference in PA, which highlights the influence of schooling on PA development. The correlation between STPM and PA only in 5th-year students suggests that, at the beginning of literacy, STPM cannot be considered as a predictor to children's performance in PA. Nevertheless, as the schooling advances, there is influence of PA on STPM.


Subject(s)
Child , Female , Humans , Male , Awareness/physiology , Memory, Short-Term/physiology , Brazil , Language Tests , Phonetics , Students , Speech Perception/physiology , Verbal Learning/physiology
7.
Psicol. reflex. crit ; 28(3): 593-602, Jul-Sep/2015. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, INDEXPSI | ID: lil-751989

ABSTRACT

Este estudo objetivou verificar as relações entre amplitude visuoatencional (AVA), consciência fonêmica (CF) e desempenho em leitura em uma amostra de 48 alunos de 1º, 3º e 5º anos do ensino fundamental de uma escola pública de São Paulo. As crianças foram avaliadas em três sessões em tarefas de leitura de palavras isoladas, AVA, CF, inteligência não verbal, memória fonológica e limiar de identificação de letras. Os resultados indicam que a AVA e a CF se relacionam com a leitura desde o 1º até o 5º ano e que essas relações são mais fortes no 1º ano, mas continuam tendo um papel relevante no 3º ano e no 5º ano, principalmente na leitura de pseudopalavras e palavras irregulares.


This study aimed to verify the relationship between visual attention span (VAS), phonemic awareness (PA) and reading performance in a sample of 48 students from the 1st, 3rd and 5th grade from a public elementary school in Sao Paulo. Children were assessed in three sessions through a battery of tasks, which included single word reading, VAS, PA, nonverbal intelligence, phonological memory and letter identification threshold. Results showed that the VAS and PA correlated with performance in reading from 1st to 5th grade, and they play a more important role at 1st grade, but remain relevant in 3rd and 5th grade, especially in the reading of nonwords and irregular words.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Reading , Attention , Awareness/physiology , Phonetics , Students , Education, Primary and Secondary , Educational Status , Language Development
8.
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health ; : 74-83, 2015.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-74482

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To examine the sex-specific factors associated with being unaware of one's hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) seropositivity status in a large, HBsAg-positive population of Koreans. METHODS: In total, 1197 subjects aged 19 years or older who were HBsAg-positive according to data from the 2007-2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were included. Subjects were considered unaware of their HBsAg seropositivity status if they answered that they had no knowledge of being previously infected by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) or diagnosed with HBV hepatitis. Multivariate Poisson regression models with robust variance estimate were used to assess the significance of the variables using weighted frequencies. RESULTS: The majority (77.8%) of HbsAg-positive Korean adults (females, 81.9%; males, 74.6%) were unaware of their HBsAg seropositivity status. We found that sex (female: prevalence ratio [PR] 1.19), household income (low: PR, 1.15), marital status (never married: PR, 1.18), self-rated health (moderate: PR, 1.14; good: PR, 1.12), and alcohol use (at least 2-3 times/wk: PR, 1.21) were associated with being unaware. In females, age (50 to 59 years: PR, 1.29; > or =70 years: PR, 1.30), household income (low: PR, 1.37; middle-low: PR, 1.24), and marital status (never married: PR, 1.33) were associated with being unaware. In males, self-rated health (moderate: PR, 1.14; good: PR, 1.21) and alcohol use (at least 2-3 times/wk: PR, 1.21) were associated with being unaware. CONCLUSIONS: Factors related to the socioeconomic status of females and the health-related behaviors of males were found to be associated with being unaware of one's HBsAg seropositivity status.


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Alcohol Drinking , Asian People , Awareness/physiology , Body Mass Index , Health Status , Hepatitis B/diagnosis , Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/blood , Hepatitis B virus/metabolism , Income , Nutrition Surveys , Poisson Distribution , Prevalence , Republic of Korea/epidemiology , Sex Factors
9.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 72(11): 826-831, 11/2014. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-728684

ABSTRACT

Objective Although benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BECTS) is an idiopathic, age-related epilepsy syndrome with favorable outcome, recent studies have shown impairment in specific neuropsychological tests. The objective of this study was to analyze the comorbidity between dyslexia and BECTS. Method Thirty-one patients with clinical and electroencephalographic diagnosis of BECTS (group A) and 31 paired children (group B) underwent a language and neuropsychological assessment performed with several standardized protocols. Our findings were categorized as: a) dyslexia; b) other difficulties; c) without difficulties. Our results were compared and statistically analyzed. Results Our data showed that dyslexia occurred in 19.4% and other difficulties in 74.2% of our patients. This was highly significant when compared with the control group (p<0.001). Phonological awareness, writing, reading, arithmetic, and memory tests showed a statistically significant difference when comparing both groups. Conclusion Our findings show significant evidence of the occurrence of dyslexia in patients with BECTS. .


Objetivo Apesar da epilepsia benigna da infância com espículas centrotemporais (EBICT) ser uma síndrome epiléptica considerada idiopática, idade-relacionada e de evolução favorável, estudos recentes têm mostrado que essas crianças apresentam prejuízo em testes neuropsicológicos específicos. O objetivo desse estudo foi analisar a comorbidade entre EBICT e dislexia. Método Trinta e um pacientes com diagnóstico clínico e eletrencefalográfico de EBICT (grupo A) e 31 crianças pareadas (grupo B) foram submetidos à avaliação neuropsicológica e de linguagem com vários protocolos estandardizados. Nossos achados foram categorizados em: a) dislexia; b) outras dificuldades; c) sem dificuldades. Nossos resultados foram comparados e analisados estatisticamente. Resultados Os dados mostraram que dislexia ocorreu em 19,4% e outras dificuldades em 74,2% dos nossos pacientes. Esses números foram altamente significativos quando comparados com o grupo controle (p<0,001). Consciência fonológica, leitura, escrita, aritmética e testes de memória mostraram diferença estatisticamente significante quando foram comparados os dois grupos. Conclusão Nossos dados mostraram que há evidência da ocorrência de dislexia em pacientes com EBICT. .


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Epilepsy, Rolandic/physiopathology , Dyslexia/physiopathology , Awareness/physiology , Writing , Case-Control Studies , Comorbidity , Statistics, Nonparametric , Electroencephalography , Language Tests , Memory Disorders/physiopathology , Neuropsychological Tests
10.
Rev. chil. neuropsicol. (En línea) ; 9(1,n.esp): 31-37, feb.2014. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-783437

ABSTRACT

Disturbances in body awareness offer important insights into neurocognitive processes involved in the construction of the bodily self. This review will focus ona specific disorder of awareness, namely, anosognosia for hemiplegia (AHP), or the denial of motor deficits contralateral to a brain lesion. Recently some progress has been made towards the management and rehabilitation of AHP, however to date no evidence-based treatment exists. Firstly, recent research on AHP will be reviewed, with the aim of providing an overview of the etiology, clinical presentation and assessment of the syndrome, as well as the majorneurological and neuropsychological explanations. This article will then focus on recent advances in the management and rehabilitation of AHP, using a casestudy example of intervention-based (i.e. video replay) motor awareness recovery (Fotopoulou, Rudd, Holmes & Kopelman, 2009). Finally, a dynamic theoreticalmodel of the multifaceted nature of anosognosia, using a predictive coding framework, will be proposed and future directions for research will also be discussed...


Subject(s)
Humans , Agnosia/etiology , Agnosia/rehabilitation , Awareness/physiology , Hemiplegia/complications , Hemiplegia/rehabilitation , Stroke/complications
11.
J. Soc. Bras. Fonoaudiol ; 24(1): 69-75, 2012. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-618177

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Verificar o desempenho de escolares em consciência fonêmica antes e após a realização de oficinas de linguagem. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada a avaliação da consciência fonêmica em 49 escolares do quarto ano do Ensino Fundamental, utilizando a parte dois do teste "Consciência Fonológica - Instrumento de Avaliação Sequencial" (CONFIAS). Os critérios de exclusão no estudo foram: presença de queixas relacionadas ou de indicadores de alterações da audição e/ou visão; presença de distúrbios neurológicos, comportamentais e/ou cognitivos. Foram incluídas no estudo as crianças que participaram das avaliações inicial e final e de, no mínimo 75 por cento dos encontros das oficinas. Conforme desempenho no teste, os escolares foram divididos em três grupos: inicial, intermediário e avançado. Foram realizadas oficinas semanais para estimulação das habilidades fonológicas e fonêmicas, de acordo com o grupo a que pertenciam. Após as cinco oficinas, os escolares passaram por avaliação final idêntica à inicial. RESULTADOS: O desempenho em consciência fonêmica dos escolares de todos os grupos evoluiu de forma significante após a realização das oficinas. O grupo intermediário foi o que apresentou maior evolução na média de acertos. CONCLUSÃO: O desempenho de escolares em consciência fonêmica evolui consideravelmente após a realização de oficinas de linguagem.


PURPOSE: To verify the phonemic awareness performance of students before and after language workshops. METHODS: Phonemic awareness abilities of 49 students in the fourth year of Elementary School were assessed using the second part of the test "Phonological Awareness - Sequential Assessment Instrument" (CONFIAS). The exclusion criteria in the study were: presence of complaints or indicators of hearing and/or vision deficits; presence of neurological, behavioral and/or cognitive impairments. Subjects included in the study participated in both initial and final assessments and in at least 75 percent of the workshop meetings. According to their performance on the test, children were divided into three groups: initial, intermediate and advanced. Each group attended separate weekly workshops for stimulation of phonological and phonemic abilities. After five language workshops the students were reassessed. RESULTS: The phonemic awareness performance of students in all groups significantly improved after the workshops. The intermediate group presented the greater improvement in the mean number of correct answers. CONCLUSION: The phonemic awareness performance of students improves after language workshops.


Subject(s)
Child , Female , Humans , Male , Awareness/physiology , Language Development , Phonation/physiology , Speech Therapy/education , Language Tests , Students , Teaching/methods
12.
Invest. clín ; 52(1): 69-99, mar. 2011.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-630921

ABSTRACT

Las experiencias cercanas a la muerte (ECM) son eventos lúcidos que ocurren cuando una persona está tan comprometida físicamente que moriría si su condición no lograra mejorar. Está inconsciente, sin latidos cardíacos detectables, sin respiración y los registros electroencefalográficos son planos. Las ECM pueden incluir algunos de los siguientes elementos: experiencias fuera del cuerpo o separación de la conciencia del cuerpo físico, incremento en la percepción sensorial, emociones intensas, viaje hacia o a través de un túnel, observación de una luz brillante, encuentro con seres místicos o familiares y amigos fallecidos, sentido de alteración del tiempo y el espacio, revisión de la vida, visualización de paisajes celestiales indescriptibles, encuentro con una barrera o límite, aprendizaje de un conocimiento especial y el regreso voluntario o involuntario al cuerpo físico. La similitud de las ECM en niños y adultos es una evidencia de que son reales y no debidas a creencias preexistentes, influencias culturales o experiencias previas en la vida actual. Las características de las ECM son parecidas en todo el mundo y en personas de diferentes culturas. No existen evidencias que apoyen las hipótesis psicológicas, fisiológicas, neuroquímicas y neuroanatómicas para explicar las ECM. Se han propuesto modelos multifactoriales basados en la combinación de todos los factores señalados (hipoxia cerebral, liberación de serotonina, endorfinas o compuestos similares a la ketamina). Aunque los factores fisiológicos, psicológicos y socioculturales pueden interactuar en las ECM, las hipótesis que se han propuesto son meras especulaciones sin soportes sobre lo que ocurre durante una ECM.


Near-death experiences (NDE) are lucid events that take place when a person is so physically compromised that he would die if its condition does not improve. He is unconscious, without heartbeats and breath, and with a flat-line electroencephalogram. NDE may include some of the following elements: Out of the body experiences or separation of consciousness from the physical body, increase in sensory perception and intense emotions, travel into or through a tunnel, encounter with a brilliant light and mystical beings, deceased relatives or friends, a sense of alteration in time and space, visualization of unworldly realms and a special knowledge, encounter with a barrier or boundary, and a return to the body, either voluntary or involuntary. The fact that children NDE are similar to adult NDE is an evidence that these experiences are real and not due to pre-existing beliefs, cultural influences or previous experiences in the present life. The characteristics of NDE are similar worldwide. No evidence supports the physiological, psychological, neurochemical, and neuroanatomical hypothesis proposed to explain the NDE. Multifactorial models, based on the combination of all of them (brain anoxia or hypoxia, release of serotonin, endorphins and ketamine-like compounds) have also been proposed. Although physiological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors could interact in the NDE, the hypothesis proposed consist essentially in unsupported speculations about what might be happening during the NDE.


Subject(s)
Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Attitude to Death , Awareness/physiology , Heart Arrest/psychology , Unconsciousness/psychology , Culture , Consciousness/physiology , Hypoxia, Brain/psychology , Intraoperative Awareness , Models, Neurological , Models, Psychological , Parapsychology , Professional-Patient Relations , Psychophysiology
13.
Clinics ; 66(2): 197-202, 2011. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-581501

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether cognitive awareness of carbohydrate beverage consumption affects exercise-induced lymphocyte apoptosis, independent of actual carbohydrate intake. INTRODUCTION: Carbohydrate supplementation during aerobic exercise generally protects against the immunosuppressive effects of exercise. It is not currently known whether carbohydrate consumption or simply the knowledge of carbohydrate consumption also has that effect. METHODS: Endurance trained male and female (N = 10) athletes were randomly assigned to one of two groups based on either a correct or incorrect cognitive awareness of carbohydrate intake. In the incorrect group, the subjects were informed that they were receiving the carbohydrate beverage but actually received the placebo beverage. Participants completed a 60-min ride on a cycle ergometer at 80 percent VO2peak under carbohydrate and placebo supplemented conditions. Venous blood samples were collected at rest and immediately after exercise and were used to determine the plasma glucose concentration, lymphocyte count, and extent of lymphocyte apoptosis. Cognitive awareness, either correct or incorrect, did not have an effect on any of the measured variables. RESULTS: Carbohydrate supplementation during exercise did not have an effect on lymphocyte count or apoptotic index. Independent of drink type, exercise resulted in significant lymphocytosis and lymphocyte apoptosis (apoptotic index at rest = 6.3 ± 3 percent and apoptotic index following exercise = 11.6 ± 3 percent, P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Neither carbohydrate nor placebo supplementation altered the typical lymphocyte apoptotic response following exercise. While carbohydrate supplementation generally has an immune-boosting effect during exercise, it appears that this influence does not extend to the mechanisms that govern exercise-induced lymphocyte cell death.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Apoptosis , Awareness/physiology , Dietary Carbohydrates/adverse effects , Lymphocytes , Physical Endurance/immunology , Analysis of Variance , Apoptosis/physiology , Beverages , Blood Glucose/analysis , Cognition/physiology , Dietary Carbohydrates/administration & dosage , Lymphocytes/physiology , Statistics, Nonparametric , Stress, Physiological/immunology
14.
J. Soc. Bras. Fonoaudiol ; 23(2): 142-151, 2011. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-604451

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Avaliar consciência sintática, coerência central, inteligência não-verbal, desenvolvimento social e da comunicação, comportamentos e interesses de crianças no espectro autístico e verificar suas prováveis correlações. MÉTODOS: Participaram dez sujeitos diagnosticados dentro do espectro autístico, que utilizavam linguagem oral para a comunicação, sendo oito do gênero masculino e dois do gênero feminino, com idades entre 4 anos e 9 meses e 13 anos e 4 meses (média de idade de 9 anos). Foram utilizadas as provas de: Consciência Sintática (Adaptada); Quebra-cabeça computadorizados com figura e fundo e somente com fundo; e Matrizes Progressivas Coloridas de Raven - Escala Especial. Os pais dos sujeitos responderam ao protocolo Autism Diagnostic Interview - Revised (ADI-R). RESULTADOS: As crianças com autismo apresentaram desempenho em consciência sintática similar ao de crianças de desenvolvimento típico com 6 anos de idade. Do total, 60 por cento das crianças apresentaram nível de inteligência não-verbal médio ou superior. Não houve correlações entre os desempenhos em consciência sintática e as outras variáveis testadas. CONCLUSÃO: Não houve relação entre o desempenho em consciência sintática e os resultados referentes a coerência central, inteligência não-verbal, falhas na interação social, dificuldades de comunicação e padrões restritos de interesses dos sujeitos com autismo. Os resultados fornecem indicações de que essas crianças parecem acompanhar o padrão de desenvolvimento em consciência sintática das crianças de desenvolvimento típico de 6 anos de idade, porém com atraso.


PURPOSE: To evaluate syntactic awareness, central coherence, non-verbal intelligence, social and communication development, interests and behavior of children with autistic spectrum disorders and to examine their probable correlations. METHODS: Participants were ten subjects diagnosed with autistic spectrum disorder, eight male and two female, with ages between 4 years e 9 months and 13 years and 4 months (mean age 9 years), who used oral language for communication. The following tests were used: Syntactic Awareness Test - Adapted (Prova de Consciência Sintática - Adaptada), Computerized jigsaw puzzles with picture and background and only with background; and Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices - Special Scale. Subjects' parents answered the protocol Autism Diagnostic Interview - Revised (ADI-R). RESULTS: The children with autism presented syntactic awareness performance similar to that of 6-year-old children with typical development. Sixty percent of the subjects showed non-verbal intelligence at a superior or average level. There were no correlations between the performances in syntactic awareness and the other tested variables. CONCLUSION: There was no relationship between the performance in syntactic awareness and the results related to central coherence, non-verbal intelligence and social interaction deficits, difficulties in communication and restrict patterns interests of subjects with autism. The results suggest that these children seem to follow the development pattern of typically developing 6-year-old children in syntactic awareness abilities, only delayed.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Autistic Disorder/psychology , Awareness/physiology , Language Development , Semantics , Verbal Behavior , Cognition , Language , Severity of Illness Index
15.
Braz. J. Psychiatry (São Paulo, 1999, Impr.) ; 32(1): 77-82, Mar. 2010. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-541148

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Atualizar os clínicos sobre a existência de um possível subtipo do transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo caracterizado por pouco insight. MÉTODO: Revisão opinativa baseada em estudos indexados na base de dados PubMed e PsychINFO, identificados por meio dos unitermos "obsessive-compulsive disorder" e "insight" ou "ego-dystonic" e publicados entre 1966 e outubro de 2009. Os resultados foram examinados de acordo com a estratégia utilizada para abordar o insight, i.e. categórica vs. dimensional. RESULTADOS: Análise dos estudos nos permitiu identificar pontos que colocam em dúvida a existência de um subtipo do transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo bem delimitado caracterizado por pouco insight. Estes pontos incluem 1) prevalência extremamente variável do transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo com insight reduzido encontrada em estudos categóricos, 2) homogeneidade dos achados fenotípicos (i.e. maior gravidade) associados a baixo insight em estudos categóricos e dimensionais e 3) ausência de estudos que investigam "zonas de raridade" entre as formas de transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo com pouco e bom insight. CONCLUSÃO: Embora uma abordagem categórica do insight no transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo seja importante em ambientes clínicos, uma vez que neles existem demandas prementes para tomada de decisões, a abordagem dimensional do insight parece refletir de forma mais fidedigna o fenômeno apresentado pelos pacientes em tela.


OBJECTIVE: To update clinicians regarding the existence of a putative subtype of obsessive-compulsive disorder based on poor insight. METHOD: Opinionative review based on studies indexed in the PubMed and PsychINFO databases, identified by means of the keywords "obsessive-compulsive disorder" AND "insight" OR "ego-syntonic", and published between 1966 and October 2009. The results were analyzed according to the approach adopted, i.e. a categorical or dimensional view of insight in obsessive-compulsive disorder. RESULTS: The review of recent studies led us to identify some issues that cast doubts over the existence of a clear-cut poor insight subtype of obsessive-compulsive disorder. These issues include 1) an extremely variable prevalence of poor insight obsessive-compulsive disorder in categorical studies, 2) a significant degree of homogeneity in the phenotypical findings (i.e. greater severity) associated with lower levels of insight in obsessive-compulsive disorder in both categorical and dimensional studies and, 3) a lack of studies investigating zones of rarity between poor and good insight obsessive-compulsive disorder. CONCLUSION: Although a categorical approach to the insight issue in obsessive-compulsive disorder is still important in clinical settings, where decision-making is often a critical issue, a dimensional approach seems to reflect levels of impairment in these patients more reliably.


Subject(s)
Humans , Awareness/physiology , Cognition Disorders/diagnosis , Consciousness/physiology , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/psychology , Cognition Disorders/psychology , Diagnosis, Differential , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/diagnosis , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/genetics , Personality Inventory , Phenotype
16.
Pró-fono ; 21(1): 51-56, jan.-mar. 2009. tab
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-511010

ABSTRACT

TEMA: estimulação em consciência fonêmica e a comparação de seus efeitos entre os sexos. OBJETIVO: verificar o possível ganho no desempenho em tarefas envolvendo habilidades de consciência fonêmica em meninos e meninas após desenvolvimento de programa de estimulação em consciência fonêmica. MÉTODO: a amostra foi composta de alunos da segunda série do Ensino Fundamental, sendo 18 meninos e 18 meninas, com desenvolvimento típico de linguagem. O estudo compreendeu três etapas. Na primeira e na última etapa, foram realizadas as triagens audiológicas, as avaliações fonoaudiológicas e das habilidades em consciência fonêmica através do Protocolo de Tarefas de Consciência Fonológica. Na fase intermediária, o programa de estimulação em consciência fonêmica foi previamente planejado e, em seguida, aplicado em sala de aula. RESULTADOS: meninos e meninas apresentaram melhor desempenho após o desenvolvimento do programa de estimulação em todas as tarefas de consciência fonêmica, com diferença estatisticamente significativa. Com relação à interferência da variável sexo, se constatou que antes do programa de estimulação, houve diferença significativa entre meninos e meninas na tarefa de detecção fonêmica em posição final. Após a estimulação, essa diferença permaneceu significativa na mesma tarefa e se revelou importante estatisticamente também nas tarefas de segmentação fonêmica de palavras com seis fonemas e de reversão fonêmica para palavras com dois e três fonemas. CONCLUSÃO: percebe-se que, na maioria das tarefas em consciência fonêmica, as meninas obtiveram melhor desempenho, mesmo que em alguns casos o resultado não tenha sido estatisticamente significativo. Além disso, o programa de estimulação dessas tarefas foi eficaz


BACKGROUND: phonemic awareness stimulation and the comparison of its effects between genders. AIM: to determine the possible gain in performance in tasks involving phonemic awareness skills in boys and girls, following the development of a program to stimulate phonemic awareness. METHOD: participants were 18 boys and 18 girls, all with typical language development, in their second grade of Elementary Education. The study involved three steps. The first and third steps consisted of an auditory screening, speech and language assessments and the assessment of phonemic awareness skills, through the Phonological Awareness Tasks Protocol. The second step involved the planning of the phonological awaress stimulation program and its application in the classroom. RESULTS: boys and girls presented an improvement in their performance in all of the phonological awareness tasks after the application of the stimulation program; this improvement was statistically significant. Regarding the influence of gender, it was observed that prior to the application of the stimulation program, there was a significant difference between boys and girls in the task involving the detection of a phoneme in the last position. After stimulation, this difference remained significant in the same task, and was also statistically significant for the tasks of phonemic segmentation of words with six phonemes and phoneme reversion of words with two or three phonemes. CONCLUSION: it is observed that girls performed better in the majority of the phonemic awareness tasks, and that the program was effective in stimulating these tasks


Subject(s)
Child , Female , Humans , Male , Awareness/physiology , Phonation/physiology , Sex Characteristics , Speech Therapy , Teaching/methods , Clinical Trial , Electric Stimulation/methods , Sex Distribution , Statistics, Nonparametric , Students
18.
Pró-fono ; 19(3): 313-322, jul.-set. 2007. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-464326

ABSTRACT

TEMA: memória de trabalho, consciência fonológica e hipótese de escrita. OBJETIVO: verificar a relação entre a memória de trabalho, a consciência fonológica e a hipótese de escrita em alunos de pré-escola e primeira série. MÉTODO: a amostra foi composta de 90 alunos da rede estadual de ensino que apresentavam desenvolvimento lingüístico típico. Destes, 40 alunos eram da pré-escola, com idade média de seis anos e cinco meses, e 50 eram da primeira série, com idade média de sete anos e dois meses. A amostra selecionada foi submetida à avaliação das habilidades de memória de trabalho com base no Modelo de Memória de Trabalho de Baddeley (2000), envolvendo o componente fonológico. O componente fonológico foi avaliado através do subteste cinco, Memória Seqüencial Auditiva, do Teste Illinois de Habilidades Psicolinguísticas (ITPA), adaptação brasileira realizada por Bogossian e Santos (1977), e da Prova de Repetição de Palavras sem Significado, elaborado por Kessler (1997). As habilidades de consciência fonológica foram estudadas a partir do teste Consciência Fonológica: Instrumento de Avaliação Seqüencial (CONFIAS), elaborado por Moojen et al. (2003), considerando tarefas de consciência silábica e fonêmica. A escrita foi caracterizada conforme a proposta de Ferreiro e Teberosky (1999). RESULTADOS: os pré-escolares apresentaram capacidade de repetir seqüências de 4,80 dígitos e 4,30 sílabas; em consciência fonológica, o desempenho em nível de sílabas foi de 19,68 e 8,58, em nível de fonemas; e hipótese de escrita pré-silábica, em sua maioria. Os alunos de primeira série repetiram, em média, seqüências de 5,06 dígitos e 4,56 sílabas, apresentaram desempenho de 31,32, em consciência fonológica em nível de sílabas, e 16,18, em nível de fonemas; e hipótese alfabética de escrita. CONCLUSÃO: o desempenho em memória de trabalho, consciência fonológica e nível de escrita se inter-relacionam, bem como estão relacionados com a idade cronológica, a maturidade...


BACKGROUND: working memory, phonological awareness and spelling hypothesis. AIM: to verify the relationship between working memory, phonological awareness and spelling hypothesis in pre-school children and first graders. METHOD: participants of this study were 90 students, belonging to state schools, who presented typical linguistic development. Forty students were preschoolers, with the average age of six and 50 students were first graders, with the average age of seven. Participants were submitted to an evaluation of the working memory abilities based on the Working Memory Model (Baddeley, 2000), involving phonological loop. Phonological loop was evaluated using the Auditory Sequential Test, subtest 5 of Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (ITPA), Brazilian version (Bogossian & Santos, 1977), and the Meaningless Words Memory Test (Kessler, 1997). Phonological awareness abilities were investigated using the Phonological Awareness: Instrument of Sequential Assessment (CONFIAS - Moojen et al., 2003), involving syllabic and phonemic awareness tasks. Writing was characterized according to Ferreiro & Teberosky (1999). RESULTS: preschoolers presented the ability of repeating sequences of 4.80 digits and 4.30 syllables. Regarding phonological awareness, the performance in the syllabic level was of 19.68 and in the phonemic level was of 8.58. Most of the preschoolers demonstrated to have a pre-syllabic writing hypothesis. First graders repeated, in average, sequences of 5.06 digits and 4.56 syllables. These children presented a phonological awareness of 31.12 in the syllabic level and of 16.18 in the phonemic level, and demonstrated to have an alphabetic writing hypothesis. CONCLUSION: the performance of working memory, phonological awareness and spelling level are inter-related, as well as being related to chronological age, development and scholarity.


Subject(s)
Child , Female , Humans , Male , Awareness/physiology , Memory , Phonetics , Writing , Age Factors , Educational Status , Language Tests , Psycholinguistics , Speech Discrimination Tests , Speech Perception/physiology , Task Performance and Analysis
19.
Journal of Childhood Studies. 2007; 10 (37): 57-75
in Arabic | IMEMR | ID: emr-126659

ABSTRACT

The main objectives of this research were to study the attitudes of the Egyptian mothers and Saudi mothers, and their role towards their autistic children, to know the difficulties which face the mothers in caring of their children, and to prepare a guide for the family to increase its awareness of the ways of early discovery of autism in children. This study was done on an accidental sample of mothers of autistic children. This sample consisted of 100 mothers in Alexandria in Arab Republic of Egypt and 100 mothers in Jeddah in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The data was collected by A questionnaire and personal interviews with mothers. The SPSS program was used to calculate the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, percentage, correlation coefficient of Pearson, test of qui square, and T test. The results of this study revealed that 41% of the Egyptian mothers, and 45% of the Saudi mothers had positive attitudes towards their autistic children. On the other hand, there were 52% of the Egyptian mothers, and 30% of the Saudi mothers had neutral attitudes. There were also 7% of the Egyptian mothers and 25% of the Saudi mothers that had negative attitudes. The study showed that 44% of the Egyptian mothers and 35% of the Saudi mothers had a strong role toward their autistic children. There were also 19% of the Egyptian mothers and 29% of the Saudi mothers that had moderate role, while 37% of the Egyptian mothers and 36% of the Saudi mothers had a weak role towards their autistic children. 1- There was significant difference between the attitudes of Egyptian and Saudi mothers at 0.01 level, while there was no significant difference between their role towards their children. 2- There was significant correlation at [0.01] between the Attitudes of the mothers towards their autistic children as an independent variable and their role [as dependent variable] in teaching, training and getting them ready to be independent members


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Mothers/education , Attitude , Surveys and Questionnaires , Awareness/physiology , Comparative Study
20.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 63(1): 114-118, Mar. 2005. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-398801

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a presença e o grau de consciência da doença na doença de Alzheimer (DA) em estágio leve e moderado. MÉTODO: Pacientes com DA leve/moderada (n=42) avaliados em corte transversal através da Escala de Avaliação do Impacto Psicossocial do Diagnóstico de Demência (APSID), Mini-Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM) e Estadiamento Clínico das Demências (CDR). RESULTADOS: No estágio leve (n=18), 66,7 por cento dos pacientes perceberam os sintomas cognitivos e os prejuízos causados na vida cotidiana. No estágio moderado (n=24), 20,8 por cento tinham consciência da doença preservada; em 45,8 por cento observou-se somente a noção sobre a presença de sintomas cognitivos; ausência total de consciência da doença foi encontrada em 33,3 por cento. CONCLUSÃO: Os dados encontrados indicam a associação entre consciência e evolução clínica da doença. Pacientes com CDR 1 reconhecem melhor os sintomas cognitivos e dificuldades de atividade de vida diária. A maioria dos pacientes com CDR 2 reconhece seus sintomas, mas não percebe a gravidade e as conseqüências nas atividades de vida diária.


Subject(s)
Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Alzheimer Disease/psychology , Awareness/physiology , Activities of Daily Living/psychology , Cohort Studies , Cross-Sectional Studies , Interview, Psychological , Neuropsychological Tests , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Severity of Illness Index
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